The films Johnny Mnemonic (1995) and New Rose Hotel (1998), both based upon short stories by William Gibson, flopped commercially and critically, while The Matrix trilogy (1999–2003) and Judge Dredd (1995) were some of the most successful cyberpunk films. The "first cyberpunk television series" was the TV series Max Headroom from 1987, playing in a futuristic dystopia ruled by an oligarchy of television networks, and where computer hacking played a central role in many story lines. Dick's works that have been adapted into films (in this case, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?). The Japanese cyberpunk subgenre began in 1982 with the debut of Katsuhiro Otomo's manga series Akira, with its 1988 anime film adaptation (also directed by Otomo) later popularizing the subgenre.Įarly films in the genre include Ridley Scott's 1982 film Blade Runner, one of several of Philip K. Other influential cyberpunk writers included Bruce Sterling and Rudy Rucker.
Released in 1984, William Gibson's influential debut novel Neuromancer helped solidify cyberpunk as a genre, drawing influence from punk subculture and early hacker culture. Ballard, Philip José Farmer and Harlan Ellison examined the impact of drug culture, technology, and the sexual revolution while avoiding the utopian tendencies of earlier science fiction.Ĭomics exploring cyberpunk themes began appearing as early as Judge Dredd, first published in 1977. Dick, Michael Moorcock, Roger Zelazny, John Brunner, J. G. Much of cyberpunk is rooted in the New Wave science fiction movement of the 1960s and 1970s, when writers like Philip K. From top to bottom: Shibuya, Tokyo ( Japan), Times Square, New York ( United States), Monterrey, Nuevo León ( Mexico) and São Paulo ( Brazil).Ĭyberpunk is a subgenre of science fiction in a dystopian futuristic setting that tends to focus on a "combination of lowlife and high tech", featuring futuristic technological and scientific achievements, such as artificial intelligence and cybernetics, juxtaposed with societal collapse, dystopia or decay. Artificial landscapes and “city lights at night” were some of the first metaphors used by the genre for cyberspace (in Neuromancer, by William Gibson).
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